YMCA Baseball Team Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

YMCA Baseball Team - Research Paper ExampleEach of the players of the batting team, take turns hitting at the ball, while at the same fourth dimension the pitchers teammates try to stop them from scoring runs through several ways. As a sport, baseball has been linked with the struggle for self-rule and self-preservation this being exhibited in such countries as South Korea and the state of Cuba - In the former, against occupational rule by the Japanese, while in the latter against occupation and exploitation under Spanish colonial rule. The film YMCA Baseball team is based on the true historical aspect that played out on the pitch in a hotly contested, emotional and captivating game. Through the game, there was a display of the protracted differences between the colonial Japanese masters and the Korean populace at large. In this movie, hitting the breaking ball by Ho-Chang (main character played by Song Gang-Ho) in the situation that Korean national baseball team was two points beh ind(predicate) by Japanese national team in the 9th inning expresses the desire toward liberating from Japanese colonial force and protecting our own tradition. In the film, the hitting of the breaking ball by Ho-Chang (role played by Song Gang-Ho), in the situation where the Korean national baseball team was two points behind the Japanese national team in the 9th inning, expressed the desire towards liberation of the Korean people, from Japanese colonial military rule, and in the preservation and protection of their cultivation and traditionsi. Japan, as part of its 35- forms imperialistic expansion, put Korea under it rule, this being in the form of military occupation. Korea as a whole was occupied and subsequently tell a Japanese protectorate in the year 1905 in the Eulsa treaty being annexed in the year1910, to form part of Japanese territory, through the enforcement of the annexation treaty. The Treaty was gestural by Lee Wan-Yong then given the General Power of Attorney by the Emperor Meiji of Japan. It should be noted, it is disputed that the Emperor himself actually signed the Treaty, thus ratifying it. Great-protracted disputes have fanned out as to whether this Treaty was actually genuine or not according to Law, this being because it was signed under the feature use of bribery, duress and even threat of force/coercion. The film titled, YMCA Baseball Team a South Korean comedy film that was released in the year 2002, best illustrated the frustration, will and determination of the Korean People in expressing their desire towards total and sovereign liberation, from the Japanese colonial imperialism, and in the protection and preservation of their subtlety/tradition. In this era, was born Koreas first National Baseball team named YMCA Baseball Team. It proved to being a great source of Pride and patriotism for the Korean people who, had over the years been humiliated by their forced subservience to the Japanese Empire. The film, directed by Kim H yeon-seok, primarily, was inspired by the real real-life experiences of the capital of South Korea based YMCA baseball teamii. The films cast brings out a mature, thrilling comical and yet politically captivating atmosphere in the film, that encapsulated the very nature of the Korean People, in their quest for sovereignty and self-preservation. The lead cast included - Song Kang-ho as Lee Ho-Chang, the son of a Yangban scholar Kim Hye-su as Min Jong rim, the Western educated female coach and teacher at the YMCA School Kim Ju-hyuk , as a Japanese educated member of the team Hwang Jeong-min as Ryu Kwang-tae, the son of a

Persuasive text analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive text compend paper - Essay ExampleThe use of this stratagem has a notable effect on the public to which it is directed in that it can help to shape a groups opinions on item matters. One of the most important speeches in American history utilizes persuasion excellently. It is the I have a dream speech by Martin Luther King young (King, 2002). King delivered this speech on August 23rd 1963, in Washington to a huge crowd of mainly African American people who had survey to listen to him. This speech revolves around the injustices that the black community was continually exposed to during this period. He devised this speech as the start of a revolution against racialism that was eating into the United States making the African Americans live impoverished lives (Stewart, 2003). It was a call to not only the black community, alone also to the white people to follow justice in order to ensure equality. As much as the blacks had been freed from slavery almost 100 years bac k, he explains, true equality amid the black and the white folk had not yet been achieved. Racism was still very much a part of their lives, and this affected their living standards significantly. His main fuss was mainly the inculcation of this mentality of racial superiority to the young children who did not know any better. It is safe to state that this speechis significant in the eradication of racism in the United States (Price, 2006). King, in his speech effectively uses persuasion as well as other styles of language that make his speech truly unforgettable. An analysis to determine how effective the art of persuasion was and what effect it had on its audience is conducted. As previously explained, the speech focuses on the problem of racism that was affecting the African American community at that time. King uses the analogy as a language style in order to persuade his audience when also relaying his intend message. An analogy is a style that uses two objects that seem not to be related to each other in order to bring out a point. This process is used to provoke the imagination of the listeners to which it is addressed. King uses an analogy of a promissory note that the country provided to the blacks as they were freed from slavery. He states, America has given the inkiness a bad check a check that has come back marked insufficient funds (Lucas, 2001). His analogy employs the use of a well-known object, a promissory note that is a business document that assures or promises and individual of payment at a specified time that both involved parties retain on. King compares the United States assurance of equality between blacks and the whites after the abolition of slavery as a promissory note. This promissory note is not legal since it has not fulfilled the conditions it was expected to in the first place. This means that the country has not been true to its word as such it has given the African American community a bad check. Resultantly, the African A mericans have been forced to live in bad conditions since they do not have the same rights as their counterparts, the white people do. Through this analogy, King altered the way most if not all of his public thought of the issue of racism. It was a problem that they were facing, but they had become complacent since not all their attempts to alleviate the discrimination had been successful. However, this speech gave them a new strength to press for

Applied Electronics Assignment. Coursework Lab Report

Applied Electronics Assignment. Coursework - Lab Report ExampleThis lab report was based on the application of Arduino that is the hardware of the computer from the open source.In the design of a combinational circuit, a connection to the seven segments was done, and this has seven sections that were each controlled in ON or hit to display a figure that was desired. The inscribes provided in the screen shots were used in the design to come out with the needed device.The desired figures were in the range of 0 9 that were displayed in the combinational circuit and these were in the seven segments connection. The letters were from A F and these were hexadecimal letters used in the circuit designed. later on entering all the necessary codes, the seven segments was able to display. This device (seven segments) are organized in such a way that it could make the shape equal square 8 that is a little bit inclined towards the right.The device used was based on the LED and in this task a fairish stress was imposed on the display of the LED seven segments. On this LED, seven segments including a dot atom were entirely based on the LEDs (Balagurusamy 2008).3. The code used was 0001and the output displayed was 1 for 0010 of the output display, and the output result shall be 2, etc. The circuit was driven using 7446 IC, and this was based on the PCB to the seven-element display index drive of IC and was of a low active output.Every output to the PCB had the fully completed rippled bank and had no outside transistor driver. In the PCB, there were the built test functions that could be used for the test. Holding the ripple blanking high the test input pin was low all the LED element result was

Suffering of Woman Protagonist in Male Hegemony Society Within The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example for Free

Suffering of Woman Protagonist in Male Hegemony Society in spite of appearance The Yellow paper EssayWomen exercise in a society has always been changing since prehistoric times so it could not be difined accuratly. moreover t present always has been a stereotype manly figure in the society which nearly has not altered since the very first. Besides the women role as well as differed between religions and civilisations. For instance in early Native American Tribes women were something deified , this however shifted and women no longer thought to be superior , and quite opposite they were considered to be inferior. By 19 century with the influence of the Civil War and all(a) of the social protests demand to improve the muliebrity rights caused many women to question the inferior role patriarchal society cast for them. Due to the item that north won the war and so slavery was prohibited lead the women to claim their own rights in United States. During the end of 19 century ma ny woman sources wrote various things to show their genders suffering living in a male dominant society. In l890 Florence Fenwick Miller , midwife turned journalist describes womans position succinctly.Under exclusively man-made laws women have been reduced to the just about abject conditions at legal slavery in which it is possible for human beings to be held , under the arbitrary domination of anothers will and restricted for decent treatment exclusively on the goodness of heart of the individual master. ( from a speech to the National Liberal Club) The Yellow Wallpaper was also write during late 19 centuries by Charlotte Perkins Gilman to indicate the young-bearing(prenominal) suffrage under male hegemony America.The writer demostrates a common female figure who is remaining inactive in all the decisions she should take for her own however instead her preserve John decides for everything she should do until now in her every day schedule, as the female protagonist states I have a schedule prescription for each hour in the day he takes all care from me, and so I feel basely ungreatful not to value it more. The narrator also stereotypes all o the male characters she addresses during the short layer. She emphasises that they are all the same or worse than each other in treating women.She informs the reader that her husband who is a physician does not believe that she is sick instead he assures friends and relatives that she has nothing except episodic nervous depression. The narrator compares her husbands judgement about her with her brothers my brother is also a physician, and also of high standing , and he says the same thing. (13). Another male figure she compare with her husband is Weir Mitchell who is a physician too I had a friend who was in his hands once, and she says he is just like John and my brother, only more so (85). Due to all paralleling she made about opposite gender within the The Yellow Wallpaper we comprehend that the writer is feeling under oppression.Moreover the narrator writes on her secret dairy since she was prohibited to write or read anything. Actually the writer was prohibited to perform everything other than essential needs of human being. It was banned for her to write ,to imagine and to work but she does not share with them the same opinion she states personally I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change would do me good. (13). She is unhappy with all the rights they insist her to do however she is sure that these things are not curing her. There are also repetition of some questions but what is one to do? (15), and what s one to do? (9), what is one to do? (10) which indicates that even though the writer does not agree with them in numerous points, she is not able to change neither her marriage nor her life since she knows that women are valued as long as they are supportive to their male companions.Another point is that John belittles and ridicules her fears , opinions an d believes. Because when she told her opinion about the yellow wallpaper in which is in their mode she says he laughs at me so about this wallpaper (50). The writer thinks that the yellow wallpapers colour is repellent and revolting. Moreover we run across that the woman has worse ideas about this wallpaper there are things in the wallpaper that nobody knows but me, or ever will. Behind that outside pattern the wisplike shapes becharm clearer every day. It is always the same shape, only very numerous.And like a woman stooping down and creeping about behind that pattern. I do not like it a bit. I wonder I begin to think I wish John would take me away from here (122). We comprehend that John did not care about her feeling concerning the wallpaper in their room therefore that caused her to sight non eventual things and believe them the most strange fact is that Johns attitude towards her forced her not to tell all what she believes and thinks I had no intension of telling him i t was because of the wallpaper he would make bid of me (169).Besides we understand that John thinks she is still small because he calls her little girl perhaps that is the reason why he wants to control her and give all the decisions about her. Also it could be the reason why she does not tell him about her secret thoughts because he would think that she needs to be controlled. The short legend has fascinatingly dramatic end which effects its reader and demonstrates that the writer wants to be freed from this male hegemony oppressing her in her every action .The narrator which was annoyed of the wallpaper in her room and believed that women were confine beneath the wallpaper got slowly got insane due to that idea and peeled off all the paper intending to free the trapped women. She ends the story by these words I have got out at last , in spite of you and Jane . And have pulled off most of the paper, so you can not put me back. (265). We derive that the women she speaks about is her and all the women trapped in a male dominant society. So she belives she can free them from this pressure by shedding the wallpaper.Probably she sights the wallpaper as the society and her husband. Moreover we observe that she s tired of the role she was given by the society and wants to get rid of it. We witness a similar ending when we read Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse , we face a perfect example for the gender roles Mrs Ramsay. Mrs Ramsay is a wonderful actor in novel ,playing her role of angel in the home with a laudable diligence. .. she had the whole of the other sex under her protection for reasons she could not explain, for their chivalry and valour, for the fact that they negotiated treaties ,ruled India, controlled finance. (11).Such a view is what we have seen in our houses since our childhood and what is going on in other houses. Being an angelic mother and wife who cincture at home and does what her husband says is the only thing that is expected from the female figure nothing more than that is awaited. To get rid of it in order to get base in life as neither being supportive nor supported as needs a sharp cut from the past rendering of what and who is woman. So that is what Virginia Woolf does by killing Ramsay through the end of the novel.This example shows that many woman writers touched on the same matter in their writings In the given situation in The Yellow Wallpaper we have woman figure whom oppresses her feelings ,imaginations and thoughts because she knows that is the only way she can be accepted by her husband and the society she dwells in. However this female protagonist struggles to gain a base instead submitting society rules and the dominance of masculine hegemony. And finally when she thinks she got free from the place they trapped her , we witness that she got mad. So we can observe the sufferings of the writer due to the man hegemony she is oppressed.

Mary Shelley tell us about the education Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley tell us abtaboo the education EssayNothing could exceed in beauty the contrast between these dickens excellent creatures has also learnt to think logically, to reason, given very well laid out reasons as to why they are so beautiful, backing up his argument. The contiguous thing is one of the most important things which VC learns it is a lesson of morals.He sees several times the younger cottagers placed food before the old man when they silent none for themselves I had been accustomed to steal some of their store, but when I found that in doing this I inflicted pain on the cottagers, I abstained. This shows that he understands and acts out of compassion. He also observes with pleasure when he sees he has been of help. Still to come are the most important facets of VCs education the ability to read, to appreciate the highs and lows of human efficiency and to appreciate emotion as key to humanity.It is from Sorrows of Werter that VC learns about the importance of emotion to any definition of humanity (the English Review). This is complimented with the violent but apparently excellent history of man which Lives provides, giving VC a varied and balanced view of what beauty thither is in human nature, and what horror there is, too. Paradise alienated is another book which VC stumbles upon though this teaches him little in it self, the parallels which VC draws between its key characters and himself are important he can see different aspects of each in himself.This shows the how VC has learnt to take something from a book and place into a real-life situation (I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed). By far-off the most important part of VCs education is his learning to speak. Though it has been proved that it is impossible to learn language in the fashion that VC does, we essential remember that this is just a novel. In his learning to speak, VC gains the ability to articulate th e feelings inside him, the ability to read and the ability to communicate his dreams.He learns as Safie learns, macrocosm taught by Felix. Being taught to speak and listen to speech opens the door to all other avenues of Frankensteins learning his learning about humanity is increased tenfold subsequently this. Whether this is a curse or a blessing, however, is left for us to decide after learning how to speak and read, VC sees just how outcast he is, just how far outside the circle of love that is there between Safie, Felix, Agatha and the old man.Once he can see the extent of his loneliness, and can grasp what potential there is once he learns that there is more to life than suffering he is gripped by an insatiable desire to be a part of society. Societys rejection of him, it can be argued, is what turns him from a noble savage to an educated murderer. b Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of elaborate is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Trans-Disciplinary Integrated Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Trans-Disciplinary Integrated Knowledge EssayTrans-disciplinary integrated knowledge (TIK) is one dimension in which the universities of the world should look to for effective future header for empowerment of talent. TIK is a very critical area in the present scenario because of changing trends in the flow of information and the related technologies in industry and services. today more innovative teaching and learning processes are needed.There is a need to find a common ground on which all chief(prenominal) disciplines such as engineering, social sciences, humanities, and so forth can see an association between each other to address the complexities of globalization. With this view in mind, it whitethorn be inquired how finding this common ground for trans-disciplinary collaboration can be possible. For this very reason, Ramalhoto (2006), tells us that at present it is positive to find chief executive director officers of some multinational companies who now demand foresigh t and not hindsight.Today, they are not looking for marketing planners but for market strategists. To most CEOs of modern companies globalization demands for diversification of culture and sees enterprises as a source for value creation. Thus it is important to look at things more holistically now than constantly before to compete in the climate globalization especially considering the technological and scientific changes, which is possible by integration and interaction across all relevant knowledge areas.This is where the important of TIK falls in. The author further informs that it is a misconception to state that corporate demands and such media as the Internet and ICTs have decreased the demand for exploitation universities indeed, empowerment of talent in globalization calls for specific innovation inside the university institutions to address its new basic function to teach students to be critical near all kinds of information .

Reduction of Lead Time by Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM)

Reduction of comport Time by straightaway repartee Manufacturing (QRM)Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) is a scheme which demand to applied with egress the participation and whose primary tendency is the reduction of three whatsoever- clock in to from each one one and every operation of the fraternity while simultaneously cut down courts and modify quality.QRM weed be defined in two contextsExternall(a)y (Customers point of view) QRM means quickly responding to customer needs by designing and producing goods customized to cater those needs.Internally, QRM stresses on reducing the expand clippings without the physical com berth, petabyteing to glare inventory, better quality, slewd hail, and great responsiveness.QRM uses Manufacturing Critical-path Time (MCT) as the metric for measuring the supremacy of QRM processes. MCT is an extension of the concept of carry- eon, which is the fourth dimension from the receipt of order from the customer till the product is delivered to the customer. There be 2 ways of fulfilling QRM one is using large breakthrough improvements and the other is through continuous improvements.QRM was developed by Rajan Suri, a Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who is famous for his works on continuous improvement programs. He not exactly gave the achievableness and also the practical ways by which QRM could be favoredly applied and integrated in the operations of the company. QRM is basically an extension of Time found Competition (TBC), which was a strategy used by Japanese blottos in the 1980s. TBCs philosophy is to use speed to gain competitive advantage. QRM is more(prenominal) particular as it is restricted to manufacturing firms only. QRM finds its first foray in history in 1993 with the foundation of the Center for Quick Response Manufacturing at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.2 In 1995, Rajan Suri published the article polish off the Beast which put forth some bad policies wh ich were prevalent in manufacturing companies and also offered explanations for the aforementioned(prenominal). This table serviceed QRM gain a lot of recognition and importance.1 The positive resolution spurred Dr. Suri to reside working on this subject and this advance led to his consulting businesses in implementing QRM and successfully applying the same in many companies. Since then, the Center for QRM has helped in applying QRM in nearly one hundred eighty companies resulting in overturnd tame generation and increased commercialize shargons.2QRM principlesTraditional ViewEveryone lead sacrifice to work faster, harder and longer hours, in order to raise up jobs done in less clip.QRM Principle 1Find whole crude ways of completing a job, with the focus on lead-time minimizationIts not necessary to work harder, faster and longer hours to complete job earlier. One can focus on finding bran-new ways to complete a job that takes begin time. Most of the time a job spen ds in a queue instead of in process and conventional approach only look to reduce processing time (touch time) and in QRM focus is on lead-time (total elapsed time) and not just processing time. Out of total lead-time 34 years only 19.5 hours is a touch time so it makes sense that we should focus on whole 34 days.But generally organizations argon not intentional to focus on lead-time. Mainly because organizations dont recognize the cost of waiting they chief(prenominal)ly focus on processing time like one need to reduce batch sizes to reduce waiting time barely it result increase number of setups that forget increase their processing time which is mostly opposing to company goals.So, Companies need to change their accounting arrangings and reward systems so that benefits of reduction in lead-time can be measured and rewarded appropriately.Examples of Organizational Waste Due to Long Lead TimesExpediting of scorching jobs or late ordersRequires Systems, Air Freight, People, even Top Management time.Production Meetings required to change and update priorities.Overtime costs for trying to speed up late jobs.Time spent by Sales, Planning, and other Departments to develop and update forecasts.WIP and Finished Goods retentivity costs, including space.Obsolescence of parts made to forecast but not used.Quality jobs not detected till much later lots of rework or scrap.Opportunity forOrder changes or even can mobile phoneations. attribute and domain creep.Loss of sales to competition.Sales time devoted to expediting and explicateing delays to customer.Complex systems required to manage the dynamic environment.There is one major problem with cost based systems that hinders QRM implementation that is serviceable structure of an organization. Looking the figure one can see how organizations fell into vicious circle by delaying regular jobs because of hot jobs and then again increase in hot jobs due to insertion of safety time due to delay in regular jobs. T his is also called response time corkscrew. And so the spiral grows.QRM focus on reducing system in time like we do in service industry but this will require substantial reorganization of most of the processes. Basically, we will end up with cellular organizations in shop floor and also in offices and each cell will focus on its customers. The POLCA material restrainer system helps coordinate production across multiple cells. Also, new operating methods much(prenominal) as time slicing are described, to help cells share non-cell resources.Traditional BeliefTo get jobs out fast, we must keep our machines and people busy all the time.QRM Principle 2Strategically plan for spare substance plan to operate at 80% or even 70% mental object on diminutive resources.This principle is hard to digest as we believe that we should utilize capacity to its maximum possible value. Any reduction in the same would mean losing out on productive opportunities, resulting in increasing costs. Howev er, by keeping all the machines busy at tall measure does not necessarily transform into higher(prenominal) output or higher productivity. We frequently encounter the problems of growing queues due to the presence of a few bottleneck machines and jobs spending a lot of time waiting for resources due to mismanagement. All this lastly results in increasing the lead time of the jobs which culminates in the increase of the organizational costs, which subscribe been enlisted in the previous table. In the long run, these costs actually prove to be greater than the opportunity costs of not utilizing the spare capacity. Hence, the spare capacity should be considered as a strategic investment that will pay for itself many times over in increased sales, higher quality, and lower total costs.Traditional BeliefIn order to reduce our lead times, we have to improve our efficiencies.QRM Principle 3Measure the reduction of lead times and make this the main performance measure. conk traditional measures of utilization and efficiency.This is again a measure which is very hard to digest. We always measure the usefulness of any process through its efficiency and utilization. However, the problem with the traditional belief is not that efficiency is not an important measure, but that most measures of efficiency result in increased lead time which ultimately harms the organization. Large batches are used in a lot of companies in a bid to reduce the setup costs. However this very measure results in increasing the lead time which can culminate in the same problems as enlisted in the previous principle. There are numerous examples to show the scope of reduction of lead time in organizations, a prominent one being the case study in Becker (2001) which showed how lead time for a pipeline of spare parts for the oil drilling industry dropped from 40 days to 5 days using reduction of lead time as the main performance measure in a manufacturing cell.QRM says that the quantities as calc ulated by EOQ are not appropriate and consistent with the goal of reducing lead time as EOQ doesnt consider many costs of large lots like expediting of late orders, overtime cost for trying to speed up late jobs, WIP holding costs including space. Also quality problems are detected much later than with low-pitched lots and the amount of rework and scrap generated is also much larger. At the same time, another important point which is missed in EOQ is the lack of responsiveness which occurs when the process is carried out with large lots. Large lots and planning for the same makes it difficult for the organization to respond quickly to change in customer needs. Nor can good lot sizes for QRM be predicted by the MRP system, since it assumes fixed queue times regardless of workload.Hence, in order to reduce the lead times throughout the organization, it is important for everyone in a manufacturing firm, and especially for senior managers, to understand the dynamics of grind operatio ns. The senior managers need to have a broad outlook and decide on the policies of manufacturing and performance measures only after fully understanding the effects of capacity utilization, efficiency measures, and lot sizing policies on lead time.Traditional Versus QRM Views of Capacity and Lot Sizing.Source QRM and POLCAA Winning Combination forManufacturing Enterprises in the 21st vitamin C Rajan Suri.The differences between the traditional and QRM views can be observed from the figure given above. Traditional performance measures of utilization and efficiency encourage managers to exploit their resources to the maximum possible value. Production is considered infeasible only when the capacity utilization exceeds their maximize resource utilization, and only think about their capacity limit as a enclosure between feasible and infeasible production targets. Also the perception is that larger lot sizes lead to increase in efficiency. However, QRMs focus is solely on reducing lea d time, and hence the impact of utilization and lot size on the same is studied. Higher utilization leads to increase in lead time, whereas lead time first decreases and then increases with increase in lot size. It is essential to consider all such manufacturing dynamics in order to come up with a process that minimizes the lead time and thereby costs.Traditional BeliefWe must place great importance on on-time delivery performance by each of our departments and our suppliers.QRM Principle 4Stick to measuring and rewarding reduction of lead times.According to QRM on-time performance is an outcome not a performance measure. Because if on time is considered as performance measure departments will quote longer lead-time to match up with on-time delivery. Again this will result in Response time spiral and results in poor performance of organization. But with QRM, organization will focus on shortening lead-time as a performance measure. In QRM its called QRM Number (measure of lead time r eduction). This will eliminates Response Time Spiral and performance of organization will improve.Traditional BeliefInstalling a material requirements planning (MRP) systemwill help in reducing lead times.QRM Principle 5Use MRP for high level planning and coordination of materials. Restructure the manufacturing organization into simpler product- oriented cells. Complement this with POLCA, a new material control method that combines the best of push and extract strategies.MRP systems are of great help in managing material supply and ordering but lead-time cannot be reduced using MRP. MRP should be used on high level planning and coordination not on cell level in a cellular structure implemented by QRM, whereas POLCO can be used to manage material between cells and inside cells. POLCO basically a hybrid of push and pull systems using benefits of both.Traditional BeliefSince long lead-time items need to be ordered in large quantities, we should negotiate quantity discounts with suppli ers.QRM Principle 6Motivate suppliers to implement QRM, resulting in small lot deliveries at lower cost, better quality, and short lead times.This phenomena can be again seen as entering in Response Time Spiral in which if company buys in large batches this makes supplier to have longer lead time and company to order even larger batches. Internal and external incentives like discounts motivate ordering in large batches. The results this can be verified in John Deere where implementation of QRM with suppliers reduced cost and also improved quality with shorter lead-time and batches.Traditional BeliefWe should encourage our customers to buy our products in large quantities by offering price breaks and quantity discounts.QRM Principle 7Educate customers on your QRM program, and negotiate a schedule of moving to smaller lot deliveries at reasonable prices.Not only at the supply side, the small lot concept needs to be applied at the distribution end too. Normally it is the tendency of th e sales force to get higher orders by offering quantity discounts. This will again lead to the spiral of increasing lot sizes, both during the process as well as on the procurance side, ultimately leading to lowering of delivery performance. By implementing QRM, a company can reduce its costs manifold which can then be passed on to the customers. There is a need to demonstrate to the customer that the company can deliver high quality at low prices even for small lots, which would be more beneficial both to the company as well as the customer. and so, the idea of small lots percolates throughout the organization, from top to bottom, as well as throughout the supply chain, from supplier to customer.Traditional BeliefWe can implement QRM by forming aggroups in each department.QRM principle 8Cut through functional boundaries by forming a Quick Response Office Cell (Q-ROC), which is a closed-loop, collocated, multifunctional, cross-trained team responsible for a family of products aim ed at a focused target market segment, and empower the Q-ROC to make necessary decisions.The traditional approach might result in local quality improvements in the respective departments. However, QRM is more concerned with the boilersuit organization than just one department. The requirement is to cut the overall lead time for manufacturing as well as office operations for which Q-ROCs are more appropriate. Such Q-ROCs result in significant reduction of lead times for jobs such as cost estimating, quoting, and order processing. Closed-loop implies that the team would be self-sufficient in dealing with all the problems related to reducing lead time. This implies cutting across functional boundaries and changing the reporting structures to ensure the success of the process. Needless to say, this team needs to be given power in order to make the decisions as reducing lead time is the primary goal of the organization. The best example would be that of Ingersoll Cutting Tool Company, in Rockford, which reduced its engineering and order processing time for customized cutters from 10 days to half a day after implementing QRM principles. However, QRM should not be considered as an application of Reengineering as by using principles of system dynamics in the design of Q-ROCs, providing specific engineering and management principles for manufacturing organizations, plus by changing management principles and performance measures and adopting a company-wide approach, QRM goes much deeper than Reengineering.Traditional BeliefThe reason for implementing QRM is so that we can charge our customers more for rush jobs.QRM Principle 9The reason for embarking on the QRM journey is that it leads to a truly productive company with a more secure future. Also, lower cost/price, higher quality and shorter lead times result in highly satisfied customers.Charging more for speedy response is sustainable only in the short-term. In the long run, it is quality which differentiates a produc t from its competitors, and the same purpose is served by QRM. Searching for ways of squeezing time out uncovers quality problems and wasted efforts. Changing policies and adopting measures to rectify the same results in higher quality, lower WIP, less overhead, lower operating costs, and greater sales. The QRM Approach yields even better results than fee Manufacturing as it ignores the wastes caused by long lead times. QRM takes the goal of waste reduction to the next level, creating an even leaner enterprise that will remain a formidable competitor for years to come.Traditional BeliefImplementing QRM will require large investments in technology.QRM Principle 10The biggest obstacle to QRM is not technology, but mindset. Management must recognize this and combat it through preparation. Next, companies should engage in low-cost or no-cost lead time reductions, leaving expensive technological solutions for a later stage.As we have seen in many quality improving methodologies like Si x Sigma, House of Quality the most important factor in the success of these initiatives is their acceptance by all the members of the organization and QRM is no different. Realigning of all employees, from the shop floor to the boardroom, from desk workers to senior managers, to the QRM principles is a pre-requisite for the success of QRM, and hence training gains significance. Normally, performance measurement is tied to the cost accounting system which is an impediment to the successful implementation of QRM. Performance measurement must be aligned with the principles of QRM if the company has to benefit from the same.In a nutshell, the following points can be summarized about Quick Response ManufacturingIt requires measurement and efforts to minimize the metric, Manufacturing Critical-path Time (MCT), which is defined as the typical amount of calendar time from when a customer creates an order, through the critical-path, until the first baste of that order is delivered to the cu stomer. This can be measured using the QRM number.Some changes in the structure of the organization are necessary to ensure the success of QRM. It basically requires the strategy of the organization to change from cost-based to integrally time-based with full emphasis on lead time minimization.Functional to cellularCellular manufacturing is a pre-requisite of QRM as the cells yield greater flexibility in manufacturing.Top-down Control to Team OwnershipQRM requires the formation of closed-loop, cross-functional teams which need to be given complete power for monitoring the processes.Specialized Workers to a Cross-trained WorkforceSince the success of the process requires reduction in lead times across all the departments, there is a need to provide proper training to the workers so that they can perform multiple tasks and have a broader outlook.Efficiency/Utilization Goals to Lead Time ReductionThe evaluation parameters, performance measures have to deracination from the traditiona l accounting measures to the goal of lead time reduction.The following steps need to be implemented in the organization so that QRM is a successCreating a QRM mindsetThe most important part is to make people realise the advantages of QRM over the previous measures i.e. the wastes created due to long lead time which are even ignored in Lean Manufacturing. Thereafter, a high-level QRM Steering Committee needs to be formed to oversee the QRM efforts. Also, like Six Sigma,by providing QRM training, some employees can be made QRM champions who can then be entrusted with the responsibility of the projects on a daily basis.Changing of organizational structureCross-functional planning team are formed to study feasible projects to which QRM can be applied. This would require the management to indulge in a detailed analysis of various servant like Manufacturing Critical PathTime, product volumes, needs relating to strategy and other factors. Thereafter, QRM cells are formed and training and cross-training is provided to the operators in these cells by an implementation team which consists of members in the new cell as well as planning team members. Measurement of MCT is done to monitor lead time.Including of system dynamicsQRM requires going through the policies on utilization and efficiency in order to determine the proper loading of the cells. It also calls for making provisions for spare capacities and reduction in the batch sizes in order to reduce the lead time.Enterprisewide expansion of QRMThe process would typically begin with a single project. If the project is a success, its results need to be conveyed to all the members of the organization and more projects need to be undertaken based on QRM principles. QRM should not be restricted to the organization alone but should be extended through the entire supply chain. E.g. the suppliers should also be motivated to inculcate and apply the principles of QRM which would have mutual benefits for both parties.POLCA The Material Control System for QRMPOLCO is Paired-cell Overlapping Loops of Cards. To implement this system the company need to create cells of the production process focusing on subsets for similar parts and then it processes a given customer order through differing cells depending on the needs of that order.High Level MRP is used to provide high level planning and coordination of materials from external suppliers and across these internal cells. But cells are managed individually.To explain POLCO we can take an example of a shop floor.Assume P1 focuses on color printing and P2 on black white printing after which we have three Formatting Cells, F1, F2 and F3, which convert the printed sheets into reports with the desired pages. After formatting comes binding operation, which include punching holes and notches, cutting the sheets, and bending, A1 to A4. Finally, all orders go to the Shipping Cell S1, where the incased plates are placed in shipping containers and then loaded onto car ts. The material control system used is POLCA where High Level MRP and a cellular organization is a prerequisite.In this case all Release times are created with the help of High Level MRP. But even after authorization of POLCO work will not begin until all conditions are met.POLCO display boards are used to communicate and control the material movement between cells. As Figure shows the POLCA card flows for a particular order at any organization based on initial design. This orders routing takes it from P1 to F2, then to A4 for binding, and finally to S1 to be shipped. This order will accordingly proceed through the POLCA card loops with the pairs P1/F2, F2/A4 and A4/S1.If cell P1 has a job authorized that is going to F3 next, then a P1/F3 card must be visible(prenominal) at P1 in order for it to begin that job. If a P1/F3 card is not available, that means that there is a bottleneck at F3 and working on that job will only add to the work-in-process at F3. Instead, it would be bet ter for P1 to put its resources into a job that is needed by another cell that is not backlogged. So the cell team at P1 skips the P1/F3 job for now, and looks at the next authorized job to see if a card is available for that job, and so on.Differences from KANBANPOLCO cards only control flow between cells not within.POLCA cards are not product specific but they are specific to particular pair of cells.POLCO cards are used as capacity signal whereas Kanban is used as inventory signal. As return of POLCA card from a downriver cell signals that the cell has available capacity.Benefits yielded by POLCAPOLCA helps in managing short-term fluctuations in capacity and also assists in reducing congestion on the shop floor. If a POLCA card from a downstream cell is not available, it means that that cell or some other cell further downstream is backlogged with work. Hence it does not make sense allocating further work to that particular job, without replanning of resources, as this will only increase inventory in the system since somewhere downstream there is a lack of capacity to work on this job. A better alternative would be to use this cell for some other job during the time being.POLCA cards flow in longer loops which allows the production to respond to changes in demand or differences in the complexities of jobs. The additional jobs in the loop can act as a buff to absorb variations in demand and product mix which makes it highly suitable to meet the needs of responsiveness. On the contrary, the pull system stresses on achieving constant takt times throughout the organization, ignoring the fact that a variety of products will require different manufacturing times.Benefits of Quick Response ManufacturingProduct LeadershipThe main objective of QRM is to minimize lead times. By implementing QRM, a company attains many beneficial and competitive advantages.Benefits of Quick Response ManufacturingProduct LeadershipQRM enables a firm to have shorter time to market. Th us a firm can reach out to customers with the latest technology while competitors play catch-up. There are two ways of looking at it. The first is that a given point of time a firms product would be superior to that of its competitor. Another point of view is that since a firm has shorter lead time it can deliver technology that is openly available to the market much earlier. Thus, the firm can skim the market due to its superior product. This can be depicted on a time line .Lower working capitalLower lead times permit companies to have lower raw material and finished goods inventory. As a result the working capital requirement is decreased. This places the firm in a better strategic position to utilise their resources and capital.Better position to increase market shareThe lower lead times increase the firms responsiveness to opportunities in the environment. This increased responsiveness helps the firm attract customers and increase its market share.Increased inventory turnsSince the production system is triggered by demand, smaller batches are produced, inventory decreases, and the number of inventory turns increases. Many ineffectual producers have substantial amounts of capital tied up in inventory therefore, their inventory turns are low.Reducing the cost of quality by minimising reworkCellular manufacturing places more responsibility and accountability on specific production teams. This results in specialization which inherently increases the quality of the product. It is much easier to pinpoint defects since the problems are directly traceable to certain teams or members. This has a positive impact on the quality of products.Cost ReductionQRM aims at finding opportunities to improve the existing process. This results in lower operating costs. Using QRM, companies are able to save, in some cases, up to 25% of total operating costs by solving problems before they happen. change magnitude Long Term competitivenessQRM ultimately aims at enhancing the lo ng term competitiveness of the team. The above mentioned benefits are only the stepping stones in the right direction. The enhanced competitiveness of the firm ensures that is objective of enhancing shareholder value is fulfilled.Issues of Quick Response ManufacturingIncreased reliance on suppliersQRM requires a strong relationship with ones raw material suppliers and partners. To respond to demand, a manufacturing firm must closely partner with suppliers that will quickly accommodate the firms production schedule. However, if the supplier cannot provide raw materials due to problems such as quality assurance/control, equipment repair or union labour, the manufacturing firm may not be able to meet customer requirements. This could result in memory board outs and backorders.Change ManagementIt can be very difficult to implement QRM in a manufacturing environment. QRM is a business enabling philosophy that works top-down and therefore, changes the roles and responsibilities of the em ployees. Traditional roles, from lower levels through upper management, are drastically modified and the corporate infrastructure is typically altered. Employees can be extremely apathetic to these changes, which is a barrier that could significantly hinder the implementation process and the success of QRM. To implement QRM, companies must have representation from all functions i.e line and support functions (production, planning, purchasing, engineering, manufacturing, quality, finance and military personnel resources) to facilitate the implementation. All functional areas need to buy-in to QRM philosophy to successfully implement such a major change in the way the firm does business.What Differentiates QRM from Lean?First and foremost is the QRM mindset the driver for all the principles and strategies in QRM is reduction of lead time. This time-based mindset results in many operating policies that are different from traditional ones. In contrast the driver in JIT/Lean is waste red uction.Although the business press has been talking about the importance of lead time reduction, or speed, for over a decade, we find that most companies still lack the knowledge and the tools to effectively reduce their lead times. Worse still, policies are in place that are lengthening, sooner than shortening, lead times. QRM devotes a substantial amount of effort in educating management and workers on why these traditional policies result in long lead times, and in showing them the QRM principles that must be put in place instead.QRM is a companywide strategy. While the original implementation of JIT/Lean at Toyota may well have encompassed the whole company, most Western implementations of JIT/Lean have focused on manufacturing and materials management. In many cases, JIT/Lean has been interpreted even more narrowly as merely implementing a pull system with kanban cards. In contrast, QRM clarifies at the outset that it is a companywide strategy with implications far beyond the s hop floor, and principles for other company areas, such as, office operations, are clearly presented as part of the QRM philosophy.QRM provides rational principles and tools for lead time reduction. QRM uses an understanding of system dynamics, and exploits this understanding to define the best structures and policies that will reduce lead times. QRM begins by educating employees and giving them insight into these system dynamics. This then helps justify, to management and workers, the need for changes in policies. State-of-the-art analysis tools such as the MPX software package incorporate this analysis of system dynamics and help to derive the specific changes needed and to quantify the benefits that would be achieved.For companies making a large variety of products with shifting demand, as well as for companies making highly engineered products, the JIT/Lean strategy of pull is either wasteful or breaks down altogether. For such companies, QRM provides an alternati